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N'ime ọrụ a, a na-emepụta ihe ndị rGO / nZVI maka oge mbụ site na iji usoro dị mfe na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji Sophora yellowish leaf wepụ dị ka onye na-ebelata na stabilizer iji rube isi n'ụkpụrụ nke kemịkalụ "green", dị ka njikọ kemịkalụ na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Ejirila ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ iji kwado njikọ nke ihe mgbagwoju anya na-aga nke ọma, dị ka SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, na zeta ikike, nke na-egosi mmepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na-aga nke ọma. Mwepụ ikike nke ihe ndị mejupụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ na nZVI dị ọcha na mmalite mmalite dị iche iche nke ọgwụ nje doxycycline atụnyere iji nyochaa mmetụta synergistic dị n'etiti rGO na nZVI. N'okpuru ọnọdụ mwepụ nke 25mg L-1, 25 ° C na 0.05g, nkwụsị nke nkwụsị nke nZVI dị ọcha bụ 90%, ebe nkwụsị nke nkwụsị nke doxycycline site na rGO/nZVI composite ruru 94.6%, na-akwado na nZVI na rGO. . Usoro mgbasa ozi kwekọrọ na usoro pseudo-nke abụọ na nkwekọrịta dị mma na ụdị Freundlich nwere ikike mgbasa ozi kacha elu nke 31.61 mg g-1 na 25 Celsius C na pH 7. A kwadoro usoro ezi uche maka iwepụ DC. Na mgbakwunye, nrụgharị nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI bụ 60% mgbe usoro nrụgharị isii gachara.
Ụkọ mmiri na mmetọ mmiri bụzi ihe iyi egwu nye mba niile. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmetọ mmiri, ọkachasị mmetọ ọgwụ nje, abawanyela n'ihi mmụba na mmepụta na oriri n'oge ọrịa COVID-191,2,3. Ya mere, mmepe nke nkà na ụzụ dị irè maka ikpochapụ ọgwụ nje na mmiri mmiri bụ ọrụ dị ngwa.
Otu n'ime ọgwụ nje na-eguzogide ọkara-synthetic sitere na tetracycline otu bụ doxycycline (DC) 4,5. A kọwapụtara na ihe fọdụrụ DC na mmiri ala na mmiri elu enweghị ike ịmegharị ya, naanị 20-50% bụ metabolized na ndị ọzọ na-ahapụ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike6.
Ikpughe na DC n'ogo dị ala nwere ike igbu microorganisms nke fotosynthetic mmiri, na-eyi mgbasa nke nje bacteria na-egbochi nje, ma mee ka mgbochi nje dị elu, ya mere a ghaghị iwepụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri na-adịghị. Nbibi okike nke DC na mmiri bụ usoro dị ngwa ngwa. Usoro physico-kemịkalụ dị ka photolysis, biodegradation na adsorption nwere ike na-eweda na obere mkpokọta na na nnọọ ala rates7,8. Otú ọ dị, usoro kachasị dị mfe, dị mfe, enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị mfe ijikwa na nke ọma usoro bụ adsorption9,10.
Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) bụ ihe dị ike nke nwere ike wepu ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje na mmiri, gụnyere metronidazole, diazepam, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, na tetracycline. Ikike a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị dị ịtụnanya nke nZVI nwere, dị ka mmeghachi omume dị elu, nnukwu elu elu, na ọtụtụ saịtị njikọ mpụga11. Otú ọ dị, nZVI na-adịkarị mfe nchịkọta na mgbasa ozi aqueous n'ihi van der Wells agha na nnukwu magnetik, nke na-ebelata irè ya n'iwepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'ihi nhazi nke oxide layers nke na-egbochi mmeghachi omume nke nZVI10,12. Enwere ike ibelata agglomeration nke ihe nZVI site n'ịgbanwe elu ha na surfactants na polymers ma ọ bụ site na ijikọta ha na nanomaterials ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ihe mejupụtara, nke gosipụtara na ọ bụ ụzọ dị irè iji meziwanye nkwụsi ike ha na gburugburu ebe obibi13,14.
Graphene bụ carbon nanomaterial nke nwere akụkụ abụọ nke nwere atom carbon sp2-hybridized nke ahaziri n'ime lattice ebuanu. O nwere nnukwu ebe dị elu, ike ọrụ dị ịrịba ama, ọrụ electrocatalytic magburu onwe ya, nrụpụta okpomọkụ dị elu, ngwa ngwa eletrọn, na ihe na-ebu ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji kwado nanoparticles inorganic n'elu ya. Nchikota nke metal nanoparticles na graphene nwere ike nke ukwuu karịa uru onye ọ bụla nke ihe onwunwe ọ bụla na, n'ihi ọdịdị anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal ya dị elu, na-enye nkesa nanoparticles dị mma maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri dị mma15.
Mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe kachasị mma maka ihe ndị na-ebelata kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na njikọ nke graphene oxide (rGO) na nZVI n'ihi na ha dị, ọnụ ala, otu nzọụkwụ, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ndị na-ebelata ihe. dị ka flavonoids na phenolic ogige na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka a stabilizer. Ya mere, a na-eji Atriplex halimus L. leaf wepụ dị ka onye na-arụzi na mmechi maka njikọ nke rGO / nZVI composites na ọmụmụ a. Atriplex halimus sitere na ezinụlọ Amaranthaceae bụ osisi shrub na-ahụ n'anya na-ahụ n'anya nke nwere oke ala16.
Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị dịnụ si kwuo, Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) ka e bu ụzọ mee rGO / nZVI composites dị ka usoro nchịkọta akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ya mere, ebumnuche nke ọrụ a nwere akụkụ anọ: (1) phytosynthesis nke rGO/nZVI na nne na nna nZVI mejupụtara site na iji A. halimus aquatic leaf wepụ, (2) njirimara nke phytosynthesized composites na-eji ọtụtụ ụzọ iji gosi na ha na-emepụta nke ọma, (3) ) na-amụ mmetụta synergistic nke rGO na nZVI na mgbasa ozi na mwepụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ nke ọgwụ nje doxycycline n'okpuru usoro mmeghachi omume dị iche iche, na-ebuli ọnọdụ nke usoro mgbasa ozi, (3) nyochaa ihe mgbagwoju anya na ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu mgbe usoro nhazi ahụ gasịrị.
Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC, MM = 480.90, usoro kemịkalụ C22H24N2O·HCl, 98%), iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 97%), graphite ntụ ntụ zụrụ na Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%) na hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) ka a zụtara na Merck, USA. A zụrụ NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MnCl2 na MgCl2 n'aka Tianjin Comio Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All reagents bụ nke ịdị ọcha nyocha dị elu. A na-eji mmiri nwere mmiri okpukpu abụọ mee ihe iji dozie ihe ngwọta niile nke mmiri.
Achịkọtala ụdị ihe atụ nke A. halimus site n'ebe obibi ha dị na Delta Delta na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri Mediterenian nke Egypt. Achịkọtara ihe ọkụkụ dịka ụkpụrụ ntụzịaka mba na nke mba dị iche iche siri dị17. Prọfesọ Manal Fawzi achọpụtala ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka Boulos18 si kwuo, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke Mahadum Alexandria na-enye ikike ịnakọta ụdị osisi a mụrụ maka nzube sayensị. A na-ejide akwụkwọ ikike nlele na Tanta University Herbarium (TANE), akwụkwọ ikike ọ bụla. 14 122–14 127, herbarium ọha na-enye ohere ịnweta ihe echekwara. Na mgbakwunye, iji wepụ uzuzu ma ọ bụ unyi, bee akwụkwọ nke osisi ahụ n'ime obere iberibe, kpochaa ugboro 3 na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, wee kpoo na 50 ° C. A na-egweri osisi ahụ, 5 g nke ntụ ntụ dị mma na-agbanye na 100 ml nke mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma mee ka ọ dị na 70 Celsius C maka 20 min iji nweta mmịpụta. Bacillus nicotianae enwetara enwetara site na akwụkwọ nzacha Whatman wee chekwaa ya na tubes dị ọcha na nke emechiri emechi na 4ºC maka ojiji ọzọ.
Dị ka egosiri na eserese 1, GO sitere na ntụ ntụ graphite site na usoro Hummers gbanwere. 10 mg nke GO ntụ ntụ gbasasịa na 50 ml nke mmiri deionized maka 30 min n'okpuru sonication, wee gwakọta 0.9 g nke FeCl3 na 2.9 g nke NaAc maka 60 min. A na-agbakwunye 20 ml nke akwukwo atriplex na ngwọta a kpalitere na-akpali ma hapụ ya na 80 ° C maka awa 8. Anyachara nkwusioru ojii nke pụtara. A na-asacha nanocomposites a kwadebere na ethanol na mmiri bidistilled wee kpoo ya na oven na-ekpo ọkụ na 50 ° C maka awa 12.
Eserese na foto dijitalụ nke njikọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes na mwepụ nke ọgwụ nje DC site na mmiri emetọọ site na iji Atriplex halimus wepụ.
Na nkenke, dị ka egosiri na Fig. 1, 10 ml nke ihe ngwọta ígwè chloride nwere 0.05 M Fe3 + ion ka agbakwunyere dropwise na 20 ml nke ihe ngwọta na-elu ilu na-ekpo ọkụ maka nkeji 60 na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-akpali akpali, mgbe ahụ, a na-agbanye ihe ngwọta ahụ na 14,000 rpm (Hermle, 15,000 rpm) maka 15 min iji nye ụmụ irighiri oji, nke a na-asacha 3 ugboro na ethanol na mmiri distilled wee kpoo ya na oven na-ekpo ọkụ na 60 ° C. n'abalị.
Ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta ihe na nZVI bụ ihe e ji mara UV-visible spectroscopy (T70/T80 series UV/Vis spectrophotometers, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) na nyocha nyocha nke 200-800 nm. Iji nyochaa topography na nha nkesa nke rGO/nZVI na nZVI composites, TEM spectroscopy (JOEL, JEM-2100F, Japan, accelerating voltaji 200 kV). Iji nyochaa otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke nwere ike itinye aka na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na-ahụ maka usoro mgbake na nkwụsi ike, FT-IR spectroscopy mere (JASCO spectrometer na nso nke 4000-600 cm-1). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eji ihe nyocha nke zeta (Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern) mee ihe iji mụọ ụgwọ elu nke nanomaterials synthesized. Maka nha nhata X-ray nke nanomaterials powdered powdered, a na-eji X-ray diffractometer (X'PERT PRO, Netherlands), na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a (40 mA), voltaji (45 kV) na 2θ sitere na 20 ° ruo 80. Celsius na CuKa1 radieshon (\ (\lambda = \ ) 1.54056 Ao). Igwe ihe nleba anya X-ray na-ekesa ike (EDX) (ụdị JEOL JSM-IT100) bụ maka ịmụ ihe mejupụtara ya mgbe ị na-anakọta ụzarị ọkụ Al K-a monochromatic site na -10 ruo 1350 eV na XPS, nha nha 400 μm K-ALPHA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) ike nnyefe nke ụdịdị dị iche iche bụ 200 eV na ụdị dị warara bụ 50 eV. A na-agbanye ntụ ntụ ntụ n'elu ihe nrịbama, nke a na-etinye n'ime oghere oghere. A na-eji ụdịdị C 1 dị ka ihe ntụnye aka na 284.58 eV iji chọpụta ike njide.
Emere nnwale adsorption iji nwalee ịdị irè nke rGO/nZVI nanocomposites synthesized na iwepu doxycycline (DC) na ngwọta mmiri. A na-eme nyocha mgbasa ozi na 25 ml Erlenmeyer flasks na ọsọ na-ama jijiji nke 200 rpm na orbital shaker (Stuart, Orbital Shaker / SSL1) na 298 K. Site n'itinye ihe ngwọta ngwaahịa DC (1000 ppm) na mmiri bidistilled. Iji nyochaa mmetụta nke usoro rGO / nSVI na-arụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, nanocomposites nke dị iche iche dị arọ (0.01-0.07 g) na-agbakwunye na 20 ml nke ngwọta DC. Iji mụọ kinetics na adsorption isotherms, 0.05 g nke adsorbent na-emikpu n'ime mmiri mmiri nke CD na ntinye uche mbụ (25-100 mg L-1). A mụrụ mmetụta pH na mwepụ nke DC na pH (3-11) na ntinye mbụ nke 50 mg L-1 na 25 ° C. Gbanwee pH nke usoro ahụ site n'ịgbakwụnye obere HCl ma ọ bụ ngwọta NaOH (mita pH Crison, pH mita, pH 25). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-enyocha mmetụta nke mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ na nyocha adsorption na nso nke 25-55 ° C. A mụrụ mmetụta nke ike ionic na usoro mgbasa ozi site n'ịgbakwunye ọkwa dị iche iche nke NaCl (0.01-4 mol L-1) na ntinye mbụ nke DC nke 50 mg L-1, pH 3 na 7), 25 ° C, na ọgwụ adsorbent nke 0.05 g. A tụrụ mgbasa ozi nke DC na-abụghị adsorbed site na iji igwe elekere abụọ UV-Vis spectrophotometer (T70/T80 series, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) nke nwere 1.0 cm ogologo quartz cuvettes na ogologo wavelengths (λmax) nke 270 na 350 nm. Mwepụ pasentị nke ọgwụ nje DC (R%; Eq. 1) na ọnụọgụ mgbasa ozi nke DC, qt, Eq. A tụrụ 2 (mg/g) site na iji nhata ndị a.
ebe% R bụ ikike iwepụ DC (%), Co bụ ntinye DC mbụ n'oge 0, na C bụ ntinye DC n'oge t, n'otu n'otu (mg L-1).
ebe qe bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke DC adsorbed kwa unit uka nke adsorbent (mg g-1), Co na Ce bụ ihe ntinye na oge efu na n' nha nha, n'otu n'otu (mg l-1), V bụ olu ngwọta (l) , na m bụ adsorption mass reagent (g).
Ihe onyonyo SEM (Figs. 2A-C) na-egosi morphology lamellar nke rGO/nZVI mejupụtara ya na nanoparticles ígwè dị okirikiri gbasasịa n'otu n'otu n'elu ya, na-egosi ntinye nke ọma nke nZVI NP na elu rGO. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ụfọdụ wrinkles na akwukwo rGO, na-akwado mwepụ nke otu ndị nwere oxygen n'otu oge na mweghachi nke A. halimus GO. Nnukwu wrinkles ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka saịtị maka itinye n'ọrụ nke ígwè NP. Ihe oyiyi nZVI (Fig 2D-F) gosiri na ígwè NP dị okirikiri gbasasịa nke ukwuu ma ghara ikpokọta, nke bụ n'ihi mkpuchi mkpuchi nke ihe ndị dị na botanical nke ihe ọkụkụ. The urughuru size dịgasị n'ime 15-26 nm. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ mpaghara nwere morphology mesoporous na nhazi nke bulges na cavities, nke nwere ike inye ikike mgbasa ozi dị elu nke nZVI, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ime ka ohere nke ịchọta ụmụ irighiri DC n'elu nZVI. Mgbe ejiri Rosa Damascus wepụ maka njikọ nke nZVI, ndị NP nwetara bụ ndị na-adịghị mma, na ihe efu na ụdị dị iche iche, nke na-ebelata arụmọrụ ha na Cr (VI) adsorption ma mee ka oge mmeghachi omume 23 dịkwuo elu. Nsonaazụ ya kwekọrọ na nZVI synthesized sitere na osisi oak na akwụkwọ mulberry, bụ nke kachasị nanoparticles okirikiri nwere nha nanometer dị iche iche na-enweghị agglomeration doro anya.
Ihe onyonyo SEM nke rGO/nZVI (AC), nZVI (D, E) composites na usoro EDX nke nZVI/rGO (G) na nZVI (H) mejupụtara.
A na-amụ ihe mejupụtara nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta rGO/nZVI na nZVI site na iji EDX (Fig 2G, H). Nnyocha na-egosi na nZVI bụ carbon (38.29% site na uka), oxygen (47.41% site na uka) na ígwè (11.84% site na uka), ma ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka phosphorus24 dịkwa ugbu a, nke nwere ike nweta site na ihe ọkụkụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke carbon na oxygen bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke phytochemicals sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta ihe na nZVI n'okpuru ala. A na-ekesa ihe ndị a n'otu n'otu na rGO mana na nha dị iche iche: C (39.16 wt%), O (46.98 wt%) na Fe (10.99 wt%), EDX rGO/nZVI na-egosikwa ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka S, nke nwere ike jikọta ya na ihe ọkụkụ osisi, a na-eji ya eme ihe. Nke ugbu a C: O ratio na ígwè ọdịnaya na rGO / nZVI mejupụtara na-eji A. halimus dị nnọọ mma karịa iji eucalyptus akwukwo wepụ, dị ka e ji mara ndị mejupụtara nke C (23.44 wt.%), O (68.29 wt.%). na Fe (8.27 wt.%). wt%) 25. Nataša et al., 2022 kọrọ otu ihe mejupụtara elemental yiri nke nZVI synthesized sitere na osisi oak na mulberry ma kwenye na otu polyphenol na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ dị na mpempe akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka usoro mbelata.
The morphology nke nZVI synthesized na osisi (Fig. S2A, B) bụ okirikiri na akụkụ oge, na nkezi urughuru size nke 23.09 ± 3.54 nm, Otú ọ dị, agbụ aggregates hụrụ n'ihi van der Waals agha na feromagnetism. Nke a na-abụkarị granular na sppherical urughuru udi bụ nkwekọrịta dị mma na nsonaazụ SEM. Achọpụtara nleba anya yiri nke ahụ site n'aka Abdelfatah et al. na 2021 mgbe a na-eji mpempe akwụkwọ nke castor bean na njikọ nke nZVI11. Ruelas tuberosa leaf wepụ NP nke ejiri dị ka onye na-ebelata ihe na nZVI nwekwara ọdịdị okirikiri nke nwere dayameta 20 ruo 40 nm26.
Ngwakọ rGO / nZVI mejupụtara ihe oyiyi TEM (Fig S2C-D) gosiri na rGO bụ ụgbọ elu basal nke nwere mpịachi dị n'akụkụ na wrinkles na-enye ọtụtụ saịtị ntinye maka nZVI NPs; morphology nke lamellar a na-akwadokwa mmepụta nke rGO na-aga nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nZVI NPs nwere ọdịdị okirikiri nke nwere nha nha site na 5.32 ruo 27 nm ma tinye ya na oyi akwa rGO na mgbasa ozi fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu. A na-eji mpempe akwụkwọ Eucalyptus mee ihe na-emepụta Fe NPs/rGO; Nsonaazụ TEM gosikwara na wrinkles na oyi akwa rGO mere ka mgbasa nke Fe NP dịkwuo mma karịa Fe NP dị ọcha ma mụbaa mmeghachi omume nke ihe ndị mejupụtara. Enwetara nsonaazụ ndị yiri ya site na Bagheri et al. 28 mgbe emepụtara ihe mejupụtara ya site na iji usoro ultrasonic nwere nkezi ígwè nanoparticle nha nke ihe dịka 17.70 nm.
A na-egosi ụdịdị FTIR nke A. halimus, nZVI, GO, rGO, na rGO/nZVI mejupụtara na fig. 3A. Ọnụnọ nke otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu na epupụta nke A. halimus na-egosi na 3336 cm-1, nke kwekọrọ na polyphenols, na 1244 cm-1, nke kwekọrọ na otu carbonyl nke protein na-emepụta. A na-ahụkwa otu ndị ọzọ dị ka alkanes na 2918 cm-1, alkenes na 1647 cm-1 na CO-O-CO extensions na 1030 cm-1, na-atụ aro na ọnụnọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi ma na-ahụ maka mgbake. site na Fe2+ ruo Fe0 wee gaa na rGO29. N'ozuzu, nZVI spectra na-egosi otu ọnụ ọgụgụ mmịnye ahụ dị ka shuga dị ilu, ma na-enwe obere mgbanwe. Otu egwu siri ike na-egosi na 3244 cm-1 jikọtara ya na OH na-agbatị vibrations (phenols), ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 1615 kwekọrọ na C = C, na eriri na 1546 na 1011 cm-1 na-ebili n'ihi ịgbatị C = O (polyphenols na flavonoids). , CN - otu nke aromatic amines na aliphatic amines ka a na-ahụkwa na 1310 cm-1 na 1190 cm-1, n'otu n'otu13. Ụdị FTIR nke GO na-egosi ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ ndị nwere oxygen dị elu, gụnyere alkoxy (CO) na-agbatị band na 1041 cm-1, epoxy (CO) na-agbatị band na 1291 cm-1, C = O gbatịa. otu ìgwè nke C = C na-agbatị vibrations na 1619 cm-1, otu band na 1708 cm-1 na nnukwu ìgwè OH na-agbatị vibrations na 3384 cm-1 pụtara, nke a kwadoro site na usoro Hummers ka mma, bụ nke ọma oxidizes usoro graphite. Mgbe atụnyere rGO na rGO / nZVI composites na GO spectra, ike nke ụfọdụ ndị nwere oxygen, dị ka OH na 3270 cm-1, na-ebelata nke ukwuu, ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka C = O na 1729 cm-1, bụ kpamkpam. belatara. okụrede, na-egosi na ịga nke ọma mwepụ nke oxygen-nwere ọrụ dị iche iche na GO site A. halimus wepụ. A na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke rGO na C = C na gburugburu 1560 na 1405 cm-1, nke na-akwado mbelata GO na rGO. A hụrụ ọdịiche sitere na 1043 ruo 1015 cm-1 na site na 982 ruo 918 cm-1, ikekwe n'ihi ntinye nke ihe ọkụkụ31,32. Weng et al., 2018 hụkwara nhụsianya dị ịrịba ama nke otu ọrụ oxygenated na-arụ ọrụ na GO, na-akwado nhazi nke rGO site na bioreduction nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na eucalyptus leaf extracts, nke e ji mee ihe na-emepụta ihe mejupụtara ígwè graphene oxide, gosipụtara nso FTIR ụdịdị nke ihe ọkụkụ. otu ọrụ. 33 .
A. FTIR ụdịdị dị iche iche nke gallium, nZVI, rGO, GO, mejupụtara rGO/nZVI (A). Roentgenogrammy mejupụtara rGO, GO, nZVI na rGO/nZVI (B).
Nhazi nke rGO/nZVI na nZVI composites kwadoro nke ukwuu site na usoro mgbasa ozi X-ray (Fig 3B). A hụrụ elu Fe0 dị elu na 2Ɵ 44.5 °, kwekọrọ na index (110) (JCPDS no. 06-0696)11. Ihe ọzọ dị elu na 35.1 Celsius nke ụgbọ elu (311) bụ magnetite Fe3O4, 63.2 ° nwere ike jikọta ya na Miller index nke ụgbọelu (440) n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ϒ-FeOOH (JCPDS no. 17-0536) 34. Usoro X-ray nke GO na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na 2Ɵ 10.3 ° na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọzọ dị na 21.1 °, na-egosi nkwụsịtụ zuru oke nke graphite ma na-egosipụta ọnụnọ nke otu ndị nwere oxygen n'elu GO35. Usoro nhazi nke rGO na rGO/nZVI dekọrọ mwepu nke njirimara GO na nhazi nke elu rGO sara mbara na 2Ɵ 22.17 na 24.7 ° maka rGO na rGO/nZVI composites, n'otu n'otu, nke kwadoro mgbake na-aga nke ọma nke GO site na nchịkọta osisi. Otú ọ dị, na usoro rGO/nZVI mejupụtara, a na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ jikọtara ya na ụgbọ elu lattice nke Fe0 (110) na bcc Fe0 (200) na 44.9 \ (^\circ \) na 65.22 \ (^\circ \), n'otu n'otu. .
Ike zeta bụ ikike dị n'etiti oyi akwa ionic nke etinyere n'elu akụkụ ahụ na ngwọta mmiri nke na-ekpebi njirimara electrostatic nke ihe ma tụọ nkwụsi ike ya37. Zeta nwere ike nyocha nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta nZVI, GO, na rGO / nZVI mejupụtara gosipụtara nkwụsi ike ha n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ebubo na-adịghị mma nke -20.8, -22, na -27.4 mV, n'otu n'otu, n'elu ha, dị ka egosiri na Figure S1A- C. . Nsonaazụ dị otú ahụ kwekọrọ na ọtụtụ akụkọ na-ekwu na ngwọta nwere ihe nwere uru zeta nwere ụkpụrụ na-erughị -25 mV n'ozuzu na-egosi nkwụsi ike dị elu n'ihi nkwụsị nke electrostatic n'etiti ihe ndị a. Nchikota rGO na nZVI na-enye ohere ka ngwakọta ahụ nweta ụgwọ ndị na-adịghị mma ma si otú a nwee nkwụsi ike dị elu karịa ma GO ma ọ bụ nZVI naanị. Ya mere, ihe omume nke mmegide electrostatic ga-eduga na nguzobe rGO / nZVI39 siri ike. Igwe na-adịghị mma nke GO na-enye ya ohere ịgbasa nke ọma na mmiri mmiri na-enweghị agglomeration, nke na-emepụta ọnọdụ dị mma maka mmekọrịta na nZVI. Enwere ike ijikọ ụgwọ na-adịghị mma na ọnụnọ nke dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na nchịkọta melon dị ilu, nke na-akwadokwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti GO na ígwè precursors na ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta rGO na nZVI, n'otu n'otu, na mgbagwoju rGO / nZVI. Ogige osisi ndị a nwekwara ike na-eme ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi, ebe ha na-egbochi nchịkọta nke nanoparticles na-esi na ya pụta ma si otú a na-abawanye nkwụsi ike40.
Ihe mejupụtara elemental na steeti valence nke nZVI na rGO/nZVI mejupụtara bụ XPS (Fig. 4). Ihe ọmụmụ XPS n'ozuzu gosiri na ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI bụ nke ihe mejupụtara ya bụ C, O, na Fe, kwekọrọ na eserese EDS (Fig 4F-H). Ụdịdị dị iche iche nke C1 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu atọ na 284.59 eV, 286.21 eV na 288.21 eV na-anọchite anya CC, CO na C = O, otu. E kewara ụdịdị dị iche iche O1s n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu atọ, gụnyere 531.17 eV, 532.97 eV, na 535.45 eV, nke ekenyere na O=CO, CO, na NO otu, n'otu n'otu. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu na 710.43, 714.57 na 724.79 eV na-ezo aka na Fe 2p3/2, Fe+3 na Fe p1/2, n'otu n'otu. Ihe ngosi XPS nke nZVI (Fig. 4C-E) gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu maka ihe C, O, na Fe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 284.77, 286.25, na 287.62 eV na-akwado ọnụnọ nke ígwè-carbon alloys, ka ha na-ezo aka na CC, C-OH, na CO, n'otu n'otu. Ụdịdị O1s kwekọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu C-O/iron carbonate (531.19 eV), hydroxyl radical (532.4 eV) na O-C = O (533.47 eV). A na-akpọ ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 719.6 na Fe0, ebe FeOOH na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 717.3 na 723.7 eV, na mgbakwunye, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 725.8 eV na-egosi ọnụnọ nke Fe2O342.43.
Ọmụmụ XPS nke nZVI na rGO/nZVI mejupụtara, n'otu n'otu (A, B). Ihe ngosi zuru oke nke nZVI C1s (C), Fe2p (D), na O1s (E) na rGO/nZVI C1s (F), Fe2p (G), O1s (H) mejupụtara.
N2 adsorption / desorption isotherm (Fig 5A, B) na-egosi na nZVI na rGO / nZVI mejupụtara ụdị II. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ebe a kapịrị ọnụ (SBET) nke nZVI mụbara site na 47.4549 ruo 152.52 m2 / g mgbe ejiri rGO kpuo ìsì. Enwere ike ịkọwa nsonaazụ a site na mbelata akụrụngwa magnetik nke nZVI mgbe rGO kpuchiri ihu, si otú ahụ belata mkpokọta urughuru na ịbawanye elu nke ihe mejupụtara. Na mgbakwunye, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 5C, ụda pore (8.94 nm) nke rGO / nZVI composite dị elu karịa nke mbụ nZVI (2.873 nm). Nsonaazụ a kwekọrọ na El-Monaem et al. 45 .
Iji nyochaa ikike mgbasa ozi iji wepụ DC n'etiti rGO / nZVI composites na mbụ nZVI dabere na mmụba nke ntinye uche mbụ, e mere ntụnyere site n'ịgbakwụnye mgbe nile nke onye ọ bụla adsorbent (0.05 g) na DC na ọkwa dị iche iche nke mbụ. Ngwọta nyochara [25]. -100 mg l-1] na 25 Celsius. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mwepụta arụmọrụ (94.6%) nke rGO / nZVI mejupụtara dị elu karịa nke mbụ nZVI (90%) na ntinye uche dị ala (25 mg L-1). Otú ọ dị, mgbe mmụba mmalite ahụ na 100 mg L-1, mwepụ nke rGO/nZVI na nne na nna nZVI dara na 70% na 65%, n'otu n'otu (Figure 6A), nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi obere saịtị na-arụ ọrụ na nbibi nke ihe nZVI. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, rGO / nZVI gosipụtara arụmọrụ dị elu nke iwepụ DC, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta synergistic n'etiti rGO na nZVI, nke ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ siri ike dị maka mgbasa ozi dị elu karị, na n'ihe banyere rGO / nZVI, karịa. Enwere ike itinye DC karịa nZVI na-emebibeghị. Na mgbakwunye, na fig. 6B na-egosi na ikike mgbasa ozi nke rGO / nZVI na nZVI mejupụtara sitere na 9.4 mg / g ruo 30 mg / g na 9 mg / g, n'otu n'otu, na-abawanye na ntinye mbụ site na 25-100 mg / L. -1.1 ruo 28.73 mg g-1. Ya mere, a na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ DC na-adịghị mma na ntinye uche nke mbụ DC, nke bụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ebe mmeghachi omume na-akwado nke ọ bụla adsorbent maka adsorption na mwepụ nke DC na ngwọta. Ya mere, enwere ike ikwubi site na nsonaazụ ndị a na rGO / nZVI composites nwere arụmọrụ dị elu nke mgbasa ozi na mbelata, na rGO na nhazi nke rGO / nZVI nwere ike iji ma dị ka ihe na-emepụta ihe na dịka ihe na-ebu ibu.
Mwepụ nrụpụta na ikike mgbasa ozi DC maka rGO / nZVI na nZVI mejupụtara bụ (A, B) [Co = 25 mg l-1-100 mg l-1, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g], pH. na ikike adsorption na nrụpụta DC na-ewepu na rGO / nZVI composites (C) [Co = 50 mg L-1, pH = 3-11, T = 25 ° C, dose = 0.05 g].
Ngwọta pH bụ ihe dị mkpa na-amụ banyere usoro mgbasa ozi, ebe ọ na-emetụta ogo nke ionization, nkọwa, na ionization nke adsorbent. Emere nnwale ahụ na 25 Celsius C na ntinye adsorbent mgbe niile (0.05 g) yana ntinye mbụ nke 50 mg L-1 na pH (3-11). Dị ka akwụkwọ nyocha46 si kwuo, DC bụ molekul amphiphilic nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ionizable (phenols, amino group, alcohols) na ọkwa pH dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, ọrụ dị iche iche nke DC na ihe ndị metụtara ya n'elu rGO / nZVI composite nwere ike ịmekọrịta electrostatically ma nwee ike ịdị dị ka cations, zwitterions, na anions, molecule DC dị ka cationic (DCH3 +) na pH <3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 <pH <7.7 na anionic (DCH- ma ọ bụ DC2-) na PH 7.7. N'ihi ya, ọrụ dị iche iche nke DC na ihe ndị metụtara ya n'elu rGO / nZVI composite nwere ike ịmekọrịta electrostatically ma nwee ike ịdị dị ka cations, zwitterions, na anions, molecule DC dị ka cationic (DCH3 +) na pH <3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 <pH <7.7 na anionic (DCH- ma ọ bụ DC2-) na PH 7.7. РезузлчичедфБИми и ста RGO / NJVI Ааитческти и могут сущ овать в в в вите в Н <3,3, цвтер- ионный (DCH20) 3,3 <pH <7,7 na анионный (DCH- ma ọ bụ DC2-) na pH 7,7. N'ihi ya, ọrụ dị iche iche nke DC na ihe ndị metụtara ya n'elu rGO / nZVI composite nwere ike ịmekọrịta electrostatically ma nwee ike ịdị n'ụdị cations, zwitterions, na anions; molekul DC dị ka cation (DCH3+) na pH <3.3; ionic (DCH20) 3.3 <pH <7.7 na anionic (DCH- ma ọ bụ DC2-) na pH 7.7.因此，DC 的各种功能和rGO/nZVI 、两性离子和阴离子的形式存在，DC 分子在pH < 3.3 时以阳离子(DCH3+) 的形式存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3 < pH <7.7 和阴离子(DCH- 或DC2-) 在PH 7.7., DC 的 的 和 和 和 复合 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 可能 形式 形式 离子 分子 分子 ph <在 ph <3 时 阳离子 阳离子 阳离子 (dch3 +))存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 和阴离子(DCH- 或DC2-) 在PH 7.7. Слелтельь, разлкые ита RGогупст Остатичодтатичодитупать еские Вищвооватать в в в виде рн <3,3. Ya mere, ọrụ dị iche iche nke DC na ihe ndị metụtara ya n'elu rGO / nZVI mejupụtara nwere ike ịbanye na mmekọrịta electrostatic ma dị n'ụdị cations, zwitterions, na anions, ebe ụmụ irighiri DC bụ cationic (DCH3 +) na pH <3.3. Он существует в виде цвитер-иона (DCH20) na 3,3 <pH <7,7 na аниона (DCH- или DC2-) pH 7,7. Ọ dị ka zwitterion (DCH20) na 3.3 <pH <7.7 na anion (DCH- ma ọ bụ DC2-) na pH 7.7.Site na mmụba nke pH site na 3 ruo 7, ikike mgbasa ozi na arụmọrụ nke iwepụ DC mụbara site na 11.2 mg / g (56%) ruo 17 mg / g (85%) (Fig. 6C). Otú ọ dị, ka pH na-abawanye na 9 na 11, ikike mgbasa ozi na nkwụsị ọrụ na-ebelata ntakịrị, site na 10.6 mg / g (53%) ruo 6 mg / g (30%), n'otu n'otu. Site na mmụba nke pH site na 3 ruo 7, DCs kachasị dị n'ụdị zwitterions, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị eletrọnịkị dọtara ma ọ bụ jụ ya na rGO/nZVI composites, nke kachasị site na mmekọrịta electrostatic. Ka pH na-abawanye n'elu 8.2, a na-ebubo elu nke adsorbent na-ezighị ezi, ya mere ikike mgbasa ozi na-ebelata ma na-ebelata n'ihi nkwụsị nke electrostatic n'etiti doxycycline na-adịghị mma na elu nke adsorbent. Omume a na-egosi na mgbasa ozi DC na rGO / nZVI composites na-adabere na pH nke ukwuu, na nsonaazụ na-egosikwa na rGO / nZVI composites dabara dị ka adsorbents n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic na nnọpụiche.
A na-eme mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na mgbasa ozi nke mmiri mmiri nke DC na (25-55 ° C). Ọnụọgụ 7A na-egosi mmetụta nke mmụba okpomọkụ na mwepụ arụmọrụ nke ọgwụ nje DC na rGO / nZVI, o doro anya na ikike iwepụ na ikike mgbasa ozi mụbara site na 83.44% na 13.9 mg / g ruo 47% na 7.83 mg / g. , n'otu n'otu. Mbelata a dị ịrịba ama nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba nke ike ọkụ nke ion DC, nke na-eduga na desorption47.
Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na Mwepụ arụmọrụ na Adsorption ikike nke CD na rGO/nZVI Composites (A) [Co = 50 mg L-1, pH = 7, Dose = 0.05 g], Adsorbent Dose on Removal Efficiency and Removal Effect of CD. Ntụkwasị obi mbụ na ikike mgbasa ozi na arụmọrụ nke mwepụ DC na rGO/nSVI composite (B) [Co = 50 mg L-1, pH = 7, T = 25 ° C] (C, D) [Co = 25-100 mg L-1, pH = 7, T = 25 Celsius C, dose = 0.05 g.
Mmetụta nke ịbawanye dose nke ihe mejupụtara adsorbent rGO / nZVI site na 0.01 g ruo 0.07 g na mwepụ nke nrụpụta na ikike mgbasa ozi gosipụtara na Fig. 7B. Mmụba nke dose nke adsorbent mere ka mbelata ikike mgbasa ozi sitere na 33.43 mg/g ruo 6.74 mg/g. Otú ọ dị, site na mmụba nke adsorbent dose site na 0.01 g ruo 0.07 g, mwepu nrụpụta na-abawanye site na 66.8% ruo 96%, nke, ya mere, enwere ike jikọta ya na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'elu nanocomposite.
A mụrụ mmetụta nke ntinye uche mbụ na ikike mgbasa ozi na nrụpụta ọrụ [25-100 mg L-1, 25 ° C, pH 7, dose 0.05 g]. Mgbe a na-amụba ntinye mbụ site na 25 mg L-1 ruo 100 mg L-1, pasent mwepụ nke rGO / nZVI composite belatara site na 94.6% ruo 65% (Fig 7C), ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ọrụ a chọrọ. saịtị. . Adsorbs nnukwu mkpokọta nke DC49. N'aka nke ọzọ, ka ntinye uche mbụ na-abawanye, ikike mgbasa ozi na-abawanye site na 9.4 mg / g ruo 30 mg / g ruo mgbe e ruru nha nha (Fig 7D). Mmeghachi omume a na-apụghị izere ezere bụ n'ihi mmụba nke ike ịnya ụgbọ ala na ntinye mbụ DC nke dị ukwuu karịa nkwụsị nnyefe nke DC ion ka ọ ruo n'elu 50 nke rGO/nZVI composite.
Oge kọntaktị na ọmụmụ kinetic na-achọ ịghọta oge nhata nke mgbasa ozi. Nke mbụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke DC adsorbed n'ime nkeji 40 mbụ nke oge kọntaktị bụ ihe dịka ọkara nke ngụkọta ego agbadoro n'ime oge dum (nkeji 100). Ebe ụmụ irighiri ihe DC dị na ngwọta na-agbakọ na-eme ka ha na-akwaga ngwa ngwa n'elu rGO/nZVI mejupụtara na-ebute mgbasa ozi dị ukwuu. Mgbe 40 min, DC adsorption na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ na nwayọọ nwayọọ ruo mgbe e nwetara nha nha mgbe 60 min (Fig. 7D). Ebe ọ bụ na etinyere ego ezi uche dị na ya n'ime nkeji iri anọ mbụ, a ga-enwe mkparịta ụka ole na ole na ụmụ irighiri ihe DC na saịtị ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ ga-adị maka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-abụghị mgbasa. Ya mere, enwere ike ibelata ọnụego mgbasa ozi51.
Iji ghọtakwuo kinetics adsorption nke ọma, a na-eji ụdị usoro nke pseudo mbụ (Fig 8A), usoro nke abụọ (Fig 8B), na Elovich (Fig 8C) nke ụdị kinetic. Site na paramita enwetara site na ọmụmụ kinetic (Table S1), ọ bịara doo anya na ihe atụ pseudosecond bụ ihe nlereanya kachasị mma maka ịkọwapụta kinetics adsorption, ebe ọnụahịa R2 dị elu karịa na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ. Enwekwara myirịta n'etiti ike mgbasa ozi gbakọọ (qe, cal). Usoro pseudo-nke abụọ na ụkpụrụ nnwale (qe, exp.) bụ ihe akaebe ọzọ na usoro pseudo-abụọ kacha mma karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ. Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 1, ụkpụrụ nke α (ọnụego mmalite adsorption) na β (desorption na-agbanwe agbanwe) na-akwado na ọnụego mgbasa ozi dị elu karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwụsị, na-egosi na DC na-achọ ka ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mma na rGO / nZVI52 composite. .
Mpempe akwụkwọ kinetic adsorption linear nke usoro pseudo-nke abụọ (A), usoro nke mbụ (B) na Elovich (C) [Co = 25-100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g ].
Nnyocha nke isotherms adsorption na-enyere aka ịchọpụta ikike mgbasa ozi nke adsorbent (RGO / nRVI composite) na ihe dị iche iche adsorbate (DC) na okpomọkụ usoro. A na-agbakọ ikike mgbasa ozi kachasị site na iji Langmuir isotherm, nke gosiri na mgbasa ozi ahụ bụ otu ma gụnye nhazi nke adsorbate monolayer n'elu adsorbent na-enweghị mmekọrịta n'etiti ha53. Ụdị isotherm abụọ ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ụdị Freundlich na Temkin. Ọ bụ ezie na ejighị ụdị Freundlich iji gbakọọ ikike mgbasa ozi, ọ na-enyere aka ịghọta usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na na ohere na adsorbent nwere ike dị iche iche, ebe ihe nlereanya Temkin na-enyere aka ịghọta ihe anụ ahụ na kemịkal nke adsorption54.
Ọnụọgụ 9A-C na-egosi nkata ahịrị nke ụdị Langmuir, Freindlich na Temkin, n'otu n'otu. Ụkpụrụ R2 gbakọrọ site na Freundlich (Fig 9A) na Langmuir (Fig. 9B) atụmatụ ahịrị ma gosipụta ya na Tebụl 2 na-egosi na mgbasa ozi DC na rGO / nZVI mejupụtara na-esote Freundlich (0.996) na Langmuir (0.988) isotherm. ụdị na Temkin (0.985). Ike mgbasa ozi kachasị (qmax), gbakọrọ site na iji ụdị Langmuir isotherm, bụ 31.61 mg g-1. Na mgbakwunye, uru agbakọ nke ihe nkewa enweghị akụkụ (RL) dị n'etiti 0 na 1 (0.097), na-egosi usoro mgbasa ozi dị mma. Ma ọ bụghị ya, Freundlich a gbakọrọ agbakọọ (n = 2.756) na-egosi mmasị maka usoro nnabata a. Dika ihe nlere anya nke Temkin isotherm (Fig 9C), mgbasa ozi nke DC na rGO/nZVI mejupụtara bụ usoro mgbasa ozi anụ ahụ, ebe b bụ ˂ 82 kJ mol-1 (0.408) 55. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbasa ozi anụ ahụ na-abụkarị ndị agha van der Waals na-adịghị ike, mgbasa ozi ugbu a na rGO / nZVI composites chọrọ ike mgbasa ozi dị ala [56, 57].
Freundlich (A), Langmuir (B), na Temkin (C) isotherms adsorption linear [Co = 25-100 mg L-1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g]. Atụmatụ nke nha van't Hoff maka mgbasa ozi DC site na rGO/nZVI composites (D) [Co = 25-100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25-55 °C na dose = 0.05 g].
Iji nyochaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe mgbanwe okpomọkụ na mwepụ DC site na rGO / nZVI composites, thermodynamic paramita dị ka entropy mgbanwe (ΔS), enthalpy mgbanwe (ΔH), na free ike mgbanwe (ΔG) gbakọrọ site na nha anya. 3 na 458.
ebe \({K}_{e}\)=\(\frac{{C}_{Ae}}{{C}_{e}}\) – thermodynamic equilibrium constant, Ce na CAe – rGO na ngwọta, N'otu n'otu / nZVI DC ntinye uche na nha nha elu. R na RT bụ gas na-adịgide adịgide na okpomọkụ adsorption, n'otu n'otu. Ntube ln Ke megide 1 / T na-enye ahịrị kwụ ọtọ (Fig 9D) nke ∆S na ∆H nwere ike ikpebi.
Uru ΔH na-adịghị mma na-egosi na usoro ahụ bụ exothermic. N'aka nke ọzọ, uru ΔH dị n'ime usoro mgbasa ozi anụ ahụ. Ụkpụrụ ΔG na-adịghị mma na Tebụl 3 na-egosi na mgbasa ozi ga-ekwe omume na n'onwe ya. Ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma nke ΔS na-egosi nhazi dị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ adsorbent na interface mmiri mmiri (Table 3).
Tebụl 4 na-atụnyere rGO/nZVI mejupụtara ya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ a kọrọ na ọmụmụ gara aga. O doro anya na ihe mejupụtara VGO / nCVI nwere ikike mgbasa ozi dị elu ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe na-ekwe nkwa maka iwepụ ọgwụ nje DC na mmiri. Na mgbakwunye, mgbasa ozi nke rGO / nZVI composites bụ usoro ngwa ngwa na oge nhazi nke 60 min. Enwere ike ịkọwa njirimara mgbasa ozi dị mma nke rGO / nZVI site na mmetụta synergistic nke rGO na nZVI.
Ọnụọgụ 10A, B na-egosi usoro ezi uche dị na ya maka iwepụ ọgwụ nje DC site na ogige rGO/nZVI na nZVI. Dị ka nsonaazụ nke nnwale na mmetụta nke pH na arụmọrụ nke DC adsorption, na-abawanye na pH site na 3 ruo 7, DC adsorption na rGO / nZVI composite adịghị achịkwa mmekọrịta electrostatic, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-eme dị ka zwitterion; ya mere, mgbanwe na pH uru emetụtaghị usoro mgbasa ozi. N'ikpeazụ, usoro mgbasa ozi nwere ike ịchịkwa site na mmekọrịta ndị na-abụghị electrostatic dị ka hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic mmetụta, na π-π stacking mmekọrịta n'etiti rGO/nZVI composite na DC66. A maara nke ọma na usoro nke aromatic adsorbates n'elu elu nke graphene Layered akọwawo site na π–π stacking interactions dị ka isi ihe na-eme ihe. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ihe nwere akwa dị ka graphene nwere oke nnabata na 233 nm n'ihi mgbanwe π-π *. Dabere na ọnụnọ nke mgbanaka aromatic anọ dị n'ụdị molekụla nke DC adsorbate, anyị chere na enwere usoro nke mmekọrịta π-π-stacking n'etiti aromatic DC (π-electron receiver) na mpaghara nke nwere π-electrons n'elu. elu RGO. / nZVI mejupụtara. Na mgbakwunye, dị ka e gosiri na fig. 10B, FTIR ọmụmụ e mere iji na-amụ mmekọrịta molekụla nke rGO / nZVI composites na DC, na FTIR spectra nke rGO / nZVI composites mgbe DC adsorption na-egosi na Figure 10B. 10b. A na-ahụ elu elu ọhụrụ na 2111 cm-1, nke kwekọrọ na vibration framework nke C = C bond, nke na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ organic na-arụ ọrụ kwekọrọ na 67 rGO / nZVI. Ọnụ ugwu ndị ọzọ na-esi na 1561 ruo 1548 cm-1 na site na 1399 ruo 1360 cm-1, nke na-akwadokwa na mmekọrịta π-π na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi nke graphene na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ nke organic68,69. Mgbe mgbasa ozi DC gasịrị, ike nke ụfọdụ otu nwere oxygen, dị ka OH, gbadara ruo 3270 cm-1, nke na-egosi na njikọ hydrogen bụ otu n'ime usoro mgbasa ozi. Ya mere, dabere na nsonaazụ ya, mgbasa ozi DC na rGO/nZVI mejupụtara na-emekarị n'ihi mmekọrịta π-π stacking na H-bonds.
Usoro nke mgbasa ozi nke ọgwụ nje DC site na rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes (A). FTIR adsorption ụdịdị DC na rGO/nZVI na nZVI (B).
Ike nke absorption bands nke nZVI na 3244, 1615, 1546, na 1011 cm-1 mụbara mgbe DC adsorption na nZVI (Fig. 10B) jiri ya tụnyere nZVI, nke kwesịrị metụtara mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke carboxylic acid. O otu dị na DC. Otú ọ dị, pasent a dị ala nke mgbasa ozi na ìgwè niile a na-ahụ anya na-egosi na ọ dịghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke phytosynthetic adsorbent (nZVI) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nZVI tupu usoro mgbasa ozi. Dị ka ụfọdụ nchọpụta mwepụ DC na nZVI71 si kwuo, mgbe nZVI na-emeghachi omume na H2O, a na-ahapụ electrons wee jiri H+ na-emepụta hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu. N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ ogige cationic na-anabata electrons site na hydrogen nọ n'ọrụ, na-ebute -C = N na -C = C-, nke a na-ekwu na nkewa nke mgbanaka benzene.
Oge nzipu: Nov-14-2022